All living things run on energy. If the organism is a plant or autotrophic microbe, the energy comes from sunlight. For all other forms of life, energy is extracted from nutrients through the reactions of metabolism--cellular respiration.

Cellular Respiration and the Electron Transport Chain

Regardless of whether the original form of energy is sunlight or food, it must ultimately be converted to the cellular energy currency of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). For most organisms, this conversion is accomplished though cellular respiration, a series of pathways in which glucose (sugar) is broken down and the energy extracted is converted to ATP. The pathways of cellular respiration include glycolysis, conversion of acetyl-CoA, Kreb’s cycle and electron transport. Electron transport is the most complex and productive pathway of cellular respiration, producing 34 molecules of ATP for every molecule of glucose.

Where the Electron Transport Chain Is Located

Electron transport requires a membrane in order to work. In prokaryotic cells, those of bacteria and bacteria-like Achaeans, electron transport takes place in the cell’s plasma membrane. In eukaryotic cells, the more evolutionarily advanced and complex cells of animals, plants and fungi, electron transport takes place in cellular organelles known as mitochondria—the eukaryotic cell’s tiny power factories.

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