Mesoscopic Superconductivity Transport


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Mesoscopic Superconductivity Transport

Mesoscopic Superconductivity Transport

There are only a few parasites that infect and multiply within host red blood cells (RBCs or erythrocytes). Plasmodium, the causative agent of human malaria, is a human erythrocyte connoisseur. These protozoan RBC invaders shuttle between mosquitoes and humans to complete their life cycle.

Malaria – A Dozen Historical, Background and Malarial Facts to Know

Here are 12 facts of interest. Malaria:

  • as a recorded disease can be traced back to at least 1500 BC
  • was seen as an infecting agent and discovered by Charles Laveran, a French physician
  • earliest known treatments were with quinine alkaloids derived from cinchona tree bark.
  • infects the liver and red blood cells (RBCs) in humans and the intestines, circulatory (hemolymph) and salivary systems of mosquitoes
  • in humans causes fevers and may be a mild disease or a deadly one
  • is a disease mainly endemic to tropical and subtropical regions. However, malaria can occur in temperate climates.
  • by the time of the American Civil War of 1860 to 1865 malaria was common in many states in the U.S. including the Gulf States, Missouri, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, New England, Kentucky, Ohio, Michigan, Nebraska, Ohio, eastern Texas, the Dakotas and California (see Sherman in Sources cited here below). CDC was organized in the 1940's to eradicate malaria from the U.S.
  • worldwide afflicts almost 500 million people and there are about 1 million/yr malaria deaths
  • economic impact is enormous with medical cost and wages lost at billions of dollars.
  • despite being an ancient disease still is not an easily-controlled or preventable disease
  • has no effective vaccine for its prevention
  • vector mosquito control is still an unsolved problem. Insecticide-resistant mosquitoes are common.

Malaria Life Cycle - Malaria Sporozoites in Mosquitoes Injected Into Hosts, Migrate to Liver

Plasmodium is transported by the Anopholes mosquito which is both a vector and a definitive host (the host in which the sexual stage is completed). Malarial sporozoites escape from the mosquito salivary glands and are injected through the mosquito's needle-shaped proboscis. As blood is sucked some sporozoites from mosquito salivary glands migrate down and outward and into the host and victim. Within minutes these sporozoites are carried to the liver and enter liver cells where they are nourished and fed.